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Archeological Texts Significant For Biblical Archeology Dr. Johnson C. Philip

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Ancient Texts Related To The Bible
Text	Age	Language	Content
Gilgamesh Epic	C 1700 B.C. Some versions were circulated as early as 2100 B.C.	Akkadian	Gilgamesh, the ruler of Uruk, has many adventures and meets Utnapishtim, the only survivor of the great flood. Helps the study of the Biblical record of Flood
Enuma Elish	C 1200 B.C.	Akkadian	A story written on seven stone tablets which tells of the Babylonian god Marduk and how the world was created. Helps the study of the Biblical account of Creation
Code of Hammurabi	C 1750 B.C.	Akkadian	A listing of laws for the people of the kingdom of Babylonia. It has many laws similar to the Law of Moses in the Bible. Moses lived about 400 years after Hammurabi
Ras-Shamra Tablets	C 1450 B.C.	Ugaritic	Tells of the adventures of Canaanite gods and rulers which helps biblical scholars to better understand Canaanite religion and Old Testament poetry
Amarna Letters	C 1350 B.C.	Canaanite Akkadian	Hundreds of letters written by Canaanite scribes give information about political , social, and religious relationships between Canaan and Egypt during the rule of Egyptian Pharaohs, Amenhotep III and Akhenaton
Merneptah Stele	C 1210 B.C.	Egyptian	Also known as the "Israel Stele," it describes the victory of Egyptian king Merneptah over peoples from the west, including "Israel." Shows that by this time a people known as "Israel" existed in Canaan
Gezer Calendar	C 925 B.C.	Hebrew	A student from Israel (northern kingdom) describes the seasons, the crops, and the yearly farm work done in Israel
Moabite Stone	C 850 B.C.	Moabite	Describes how Mesha, king of Moab, rebelled against one of the kings of Israel from King Omri's line (parallel to 2 Kings 3:4)
Clay Prism of Sennacherib	C 690 B.C.	Akkadian	The Annals of Sennacherib describe how Sennacherib of Assyria surrounded Jerusalem and made King Hezekiah of Judah a prisoner in his own city
Lachish Letters	C 590 B.C.	Hebrew	Writings on pottery fragments tell about the difficult days in Jerusalem before the Babylonians surrounded the city
Cyrus Cylinder	C 539 B.C.	Akkadian	Describes how King Cyrus of Persia defeated the Babylonians, tells of his policies toward the peoples he ruled, and describes their gods
Dead Sea Scrolls	From 250 BC to 70 AD	Hebrew Aramaic Greek	Hundreds of scrolls and scroll fragments, including the oldest existing copies of Old Testament books and passages. Some documents describe the religious community, possibly Essenes, who wrote and collected these documents